Definition
The sources provide a direct and clear definition of Information Technology (IT). Information Technology is defined as the branch of technology that deals with the use of computers and telecommunications to store, retrieve, and transmit information.
The term is often used interchangeably with the broader concept of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), which encompasses the competencies needed to handle all components of managing information. ICT is described as the technologies that facilitate "information handling, processing, storage and dissemination," made possible by the convergence of computers and telecommunications. The term "information resources" also pertains to ICT and includes systems support (computers and telecommunications), data processing, network management, and information storage and retrieval systems like libraries and databases.
Essentially, IT and ICT represent the fusion of computing and communication technologies to manage the complete lifecycle of information.
Need for Information Technology
The need for IT is driven by fundamental shifts in society, the economy, and the demands of modern organizations, particularly libraries.
Societal Need: Modern society is evolving into an "information society" or a "Networked Electronic Information Society (NEIS)," where information and knowledge are the central instruments of change. ICTs are seen as the primary facilitators of this transformation. Spectacular advances in ICT have led to the increasing importance of information and knowledge as the central instruments of change, force, and direction. Well-informed citizens are crucial for the development of society, which can be achieved through unlimited access to knowledge, thought, and culture, a goal supported by IT.
Organizational and Managerial Need: Modern management relies on a scientific approach that involves the use of electronic computers for analysis and the development of Management Information Systems (MIS) for planning, decision-making, and forecasting. Libraries, facing an "information explosion," need IT to manage increasing amounts and diversity of information, improve operational efficiencies, and offer new services to meet rising user expectations. The goal is to provide "just-in-time information" to users who want it available at the push of a button.
Professional Need: For library and information professionals, being adept with emerging technologies is essential to effectively apply ICT in libraries and information centers. The changing environment demands that librarians acquire ICT knowledge skills to manage modern libraries and stay relevant.
Scope
The scope of IT is vast, having "invaded practically all major human activities" and finding application in "virtually all the areas of society".
Technological Components: The scope of IT encompasses a wide range of technologies, including:
- Computer Technology: This includes hardware (CPU, memory, storage devices), peripheral devices (monitors, printers, scanners, RFID readers), and operating systems (like Ubuntu).
- Communication and Network Technology: This covers communication channels (twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber), devices (hubs, switches, routers), and network topologies (LAN, MAN, WAN, wireless).
- Software: The scope includes office tools (word processing, spreadsheets, presentations), database management systems (DBMS), and multimedia tools.
Applications in Libraries and Information Centers: IT is integral to almost all modern library functions:
- Library Automation: IT is used to automate housekeeping operations such as acquisition, cataloging, circulation, and serials control through Integrated Library Systems (ILS).
- Information Organization: IT serves as a tool for designing and publishing library classification schemes (like DDC and LCC) in electronic formats, such as WebDewey and Classification Web. It also supports the creation of online catalogues (OPACs) and the use of standards like MARC 21 for machine-readable cataloging.
- Digital Libraries and Resource Sharing: The scope includes the creation of digital libraries and repositories using software like DSpace and GSDL, enabling resource sharing through networks and consortia, and providing electronic document delivery.
- Physical Infrastructure: The planning of modern library buildings must account for IT infrastructure, including flexible installation of systems, sufficient power outlets, network capacity, and support for electronic workstations.
Broader Applications: The scope of IT extends to e-procurement, mass media, and supporting learning, teaching, research, and administration in educational institutions.
Objectives
The objectives of Information Technology are multi-faceted, ranging from fundamental information management to enabling broad societal transformations.
Primary Objective: The core objective of IT is to "store, retrieve, and transmit information". This involves supporting the entire process of information handling, including generation, acquisition, processing, storage, retrieval, and dissemination.
Technological Objective: A key objective is to achieve the convergence of technologies, such as computers, communications, and media, to create a seamless, integrated information environment. This involves developing and adhering to standards to ensure interoperability between different systems and platforms.
Organizational and Library Objectives:
- To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of operations, enhance the quality of services, and increase productivity.
- To provide users with timely, anytime, anywhere access to information, breaking down physical barriers.
- To support resource sharing among libraries through networks and consortia, optimizing the use of funds and collections.
- To create a platform for new, user-centric, and interactive services that meet the changing expectations of the "Net Generation".
Societal Objective: The ultimate objective is to provide the infrastructure and tools necessary for the development of a knowledge society, where citizens are empowered through universal and equitable access to information and knowledge.