Attribution of a profession refers to the process by which an occupation is recognized and evaluated based on a set of core attributes. These attributes distinguish a profession from a general job or trade and provide a framework for professional status. The concept has been widely studied by sociologists, with a foundational model proposed by sociologist Ernest Greenwood in 1957.
Key Attributes of a Profession
A widely accepted set of five attributes is used to evaluate an occupation's professional standing:
Systematic Theory: A profession is built upon a specialized body of knowledge or a systematic theory that requires prolonged, intellectual training. This is distinct from a mere skill or on-the-job training. It's the theoretical foundation that enables a professional to make sound judgments and adapt to new situations.
Authority: Professionals hold a position of authority over their clients due to their specialized knowledge. Laypeople must rely on a professional's expertise and judgment. This authority is not arbitrary but is granted by the community based on the professional's training and expertise.
Community Sanction: A profession's authority and prestige are formally recognized and protected by the community (society). This is typically achieved through licensing, certification, or other forms of regulation enforced by the government or professional bodies. This sanction grants the profession a degree of monopoly over its services and ensures that only qualified individuals can practice.
Ethical Codes: Professions adhere to a strict code of ethics that guides the behavior and conduct of their members. These codes are designed to ensure that professionals act in the best interest of their clients and the public, placing service above personal gain. Self-policing through a professional association is a key component of this attribute.
Professional Culture: A profession develops a unique culture and identity. This includes shared norms, values, and symbols (e.g., specific attire, emblems, or jargon) that distinguish its members. This culture fosters a sense of community and commitment to the profession's mission.